| Damages to human health are expressed in Disability Adjusted Life Years or DALY’s. This method, developed by Murray, is used by WHO and WorldBank. An important element is a scale that rates the different disability levels. Damage models were developed for respiratory and carcinogenic effects, the effects of climate change, ozone layer depletion and ionizing radiation. In these models four steps are used: - Fate analysis
, linking an emission (expressed as mass) to a temporary change in concentration. Exposure analysis, linking this temporary concentration change to a dose. Effect analysis, linking the dose to a number of health effects, such as occurrence and type of cancers. Damage analysis, links health effects to DALYs, using estimates of the number of Years Lived Disabled (YLD) and Years of Life Lost (YLL), (following [Hofstetter 1998]). Below an example of the fate model for toxicity (taken from EUSES 1.0) is presented.
Example of a fate model
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